Nyuma ya Peteroli, Afurika na Aziya y’Amajyepfo biri kubura ifumbire mvaruganda, yafatiwe mu muhora wa Ormuz. Uku kubura ibintu bitandukanye bituma habaho ingaruka ku mutekano w’ibiribwa muri utu turere.
Intambara irimo kubera mu Burasirazuba bwo hagati ihanganishije Isiraheli ifatanyije na Amerika birwana na Irani, abantu benshi bumva ko iri gushyira Isi mu kaga kubera ibikomoka kuri Peteroli byatangiye guhenda ku masoko mpuzamahanga. Nyamara iri no gushyira mu kaga cyane ubuhinzi bwo muri Afurika no muri Aziya y’Amajyepfo, aho cyane cyane ahakorwa ubuhinzi ku butaka bwamaze kugunduka, bukaba bushingira cyane ku isoko mpuzamahanga ry’ifumbire mvaruganda kugira ngo bwongere kwera, iryo soko na ryo ubu ryahungabanye.
Ingaruka zo gufungwa k’umuhora wa Ormuz zatumye ifumbire ifite uruhare runini mu kongera umusaruro w’ubuhinzi ku isi, itagera ku bahinzi maze bitera ihungabana rikomeye ku buhizi bwabo, nk’uko byasobanuwe n’umuhanga mu bukungu wo mu Ishami ry’Umuryango w’Abibumbye ryita ku biribwa n’ubuhinzi (FAO), Maximo Torero aho yagize ati “ ihungabana ry’ubwikorezi bwo mu nyanja rituma habaho ikibazo gikomeye mu kubona ibicuruzwa, mu gihe izamuka ry’ibiciro bya gaze na ryo ritera igitutu gikabije, kandi kimara igihe ku masoko.”
Ibiciro by’ifumbire ku rwego rw’isi, bishingiye cyane ku biciro bya gaze ikoreshwa mu kuyikora, bishobora kwiyongera ku kigero cya 15-20% muri iki gice cy’umwaka niba iki kibazo gikomeje, nk’uko FAO ibivuga.
Ingaruka zikomeye muri Aziya y’Amajyepfo
Akarere ka Golfe gatanga hafi 30% by’ifumbire ikoreshwa ku isi, kakagurisha cyane mu bihugu bikomeye byo muri Aziya bikenera ifumbire nyinshi.
“Aziya y’Amajyepfo iri mu turere twibasiwe cyane,” nk’uko Torero abivuga, kubera ubuhinzi bwaho bushingiye cyane ku bihingwa nk’umuceri, ingano n’ibigori bukaba rero bukenera ifumbire nyinshi.
Akomeza agira ati “Kubera ko ikoreshwa ry’ifumbire rifitanye isano ikomeye n’umusaruro muri ubu buhinzi, n’igabanuka mu kubona ifumbire rishobora kugabanya umusaruro no guhindura ibyemezo byo gutera imyaka.”
FAO ivuga ko ibi bishobora guteza ikibazo gikomeyecyane cyane mu turere dutuwe cyane, aho ibi bihingwa ari byo bitanga umusaruro ukenewe.
Igihugu cya Bangladesh kiri mu bizagirwaho ingaruka cyane, kuko 53% by’ifumbire ya Azote ikoresha ituruka mu karere ka Golfe, kuko hakoreshwa ibiro 170 kuri hegitari imwe (mu gihe impuzandengo ku isi iri hafi ya 70 kg).
U Buhinde na Tayilande nabyo biri mu bice bishobora kugerwaho n’izo ngaruka. Naho u Bushinwa kuko bwo bukora ifumbire ubwabwo, bityo ntibushingire cyane ku byo butumiza hanze bushobora kutazagerwaho n’izo ngaruka cyane, kuko iyo bukoresha butumiza hanze iri ku kigero cya 9% gusa ku ifumbire ya Azote.
Iri hungabana kandi rizagira ingaruka no ku byoherezwa mu mahanga. Urugero nka Brazil ishingira gusa ku kigero cya 20% ku ifumbire ituruka mu karere ka Golfe, kugabanya ikoreshwa ry’ifumbire bishobora kugabanya umusaruro bityo bikagira ingaruka no ku byo yohereza hanze.
Naho muri Afurika yo munsi y’Ubutayu bwa Sahara, aho abahinzi bato basanzwe bakoresha ifumbire nke, izamuka ry’ibiciro rishobora gutuma bayigabanya kurushaho, maze bikagira ingaruka ku musaruro bazabona, nk’uko Bwana Torero akomeza kubitangamo umuburo.
Mu bihugu bifatwa nk’ibiri mu kaga gakomeye, harimo Sudani, isanzwe yarashegeshwe n’intambara (50% by’ifumbire ya Azote ituruka muri Golfe), Somaliya (80%), Tanzaniya na Kenya.
Ubutaka bwagundutse
Mu majyaruguru ya Harare, hari ubutaka bw’umucanga aho ibigori, iyo bihabwa intungamubiri zihagije, byatanga umusaruro wikubye inshuro 10 ugereranyije n’uwo bitanga ubu, nk’uko Gatien Falconnier, umuhanga mu buhinzi ukorera CIRAD muri Zimbabwe, abisobanura. Ni ko bimeze no muri Mali cyangwa Senegal, aho amasaka n’uburo bidahabwa intungamubiri zihagije, bityo bikagera gusa kuri 20% by’umusaruro byakagombye gutanga.
Ndetse n’ubusanzwe, ibihugu bya Afurika bikoresha ifumbire nke cyane (15 kg ya Azote kuri hegitari, na 4 kg muri Afurika y’Iburengerazuba), kandi igahenda bitewe n’ikiguzi cyo kuyigeza imbere mu gihugu ndetse no kuba hari inganda nke ziyikora ku mugabane.
Ese Afurika ishobora kwigobotora ingoyi yo kwishingikiriza ku ifumbire iva hanze?
Uburyo bw’ubuhinzi burengera ibidukikije (agroécologie) buragenda bukundwa nk’ubushobora gusimbura ifumbire mvaruganda: kuraza ubutaka igihe kirekire, gukoresha ifumbire y’imborera, guhinga ibinyamisogwe (nk’ubunyobwa, soya, cyangwa niyebe) bifata Azote iri mu kirere bikayinjiza mu butaka…
Ibi ni kimwe mu bisubizo, nk’uko Falconnier abivuga. Yakomeje agira ati “Abahinzi batangiye kubikoresha, ariko hari ikibazo cyo kubura ubutaka buhagije, cyane cyane muri Ethiopie, Tanzaniya ndetse no muri Afurika y’Iburengerazuba. Bityo, kugira ngo ifumbire mvaruganda ihagarikwe burundu muri Afurika, si ibintu byapfa koroha.”
Agaragaza ko Africa igifite uruhare mu nzira ndende mu iterambere, cyane cyane muri iki gihe hitezwe ibibazo nk’ibi bishobora guhungabanya ubukungu bwayo.
Byose bizaterwa n’igihe iyi ntambara izamara, nk’uko FAO ibivuga
Torero avuga ko niba iyi ntambara ikomeje, iri hungabana rizahita rigaragara ku ikubitiro muri iki gihembwe cya mbere cy’ihinga, ni ukuvuga hagati y’amezi 6 na 12, kandi ko no ku biciro by’ibiribwa iki cyuho ari cyo kizahita gikurikiraho byihuse.
Titi Léopold
