Ihindagurika ry’ikirere mu Rwanda rikomeje kugira ingaruka zikomeye ku mibereho y’abaturage n’ubuhinzi, aho birimo gukurura ibibazo bikomeye ku mutekano w’ibiribwa no mu bukungu muri rusanjye. Izamuka ry’ubushyuhe, imvura isigaye igwa itunguranye n’amapfa amara igihe mu turere tumwe na tumwe, bibangamira ibikorwa by’ubuhinzi, bikagabanya umusaruro w’ubuhinzi bikanatuma ubutaka burushaho kugunduka.
Abahinzi ni bo bagize igice kinini cy’abakora imyuga itandukanye mu Rwanda, gusa kuri ubu bugarijwe n’igabanuka ry’umusaruro ndetse n’igihombo gikomeye bakunze guhura nacyo kenshi. Ku rundi ruhande ariko igihugu kirimo gushyira imbaraga mu bikorwa bigamije guhangana n’ingaruka z’ihinduka ry’ibihe, binyuze muri gahunda zirimo nko gushyigikira ubuhinzi burengera ibidukikije, gukoresha amazi neza mu bikorwa by’ivomera no kugena imikoreshereze irambye y’ubutaka, ibi biri mu ngamba zihari zikarishye zashyizweho mu guhangana n’imihindagurikire hagamijwe kugera ku iterambere rirambye.
Ubuhinzi ni inkingi ya mwamba mu bukungu bw’u Rwanda, kuko butunze abarenga 70% by’abaturage ndetse bugatanga hafi 33% by’umusaruro mbumbe w’Igihugu (GDP). Nubwo ubuhinzi ari inkingi ya mwamba y’ubukungu bw’igihugu, 90% by’ubutaka bw’u Rwanda buherereye ku misozi ihanamye, aho bwibasirwa cyane n’ihindagurika ry’ikirere haba mu gihe cy’imvura cyangwa se cy’izuba. Aha ubutaka butakaza ifumbire, ubundi bukumagara cyangwa se bugashoka mu gihe cy’imvura maze bikaba imbogamizi ikomeye ku buhinzi bw’u Rwanda.
UbumweNews.com yasuye uturere twibasirwa cyane n’ihindagurika ry’ikirere cyane mu Ntara y’Iburasirazuba, Amajyepfo n’Iburengerazuba, maze abahinzi bagaragaza ibibazo bahura na byo.
Urugamba rw’abahinzi muri ibi bihe bugarijwe n’ingaruka z’ihindagurika ry’ikirere
Mwubahamana Mwadjuma wo mu Karere ka Bugesera, Umurenge wa Musenyi, yabwiye UbumweNews ko imihindagurikire y’ibihe ibangamiye cyane ubuhinzi bwe.
Yagize ati “Mu kwezi gushize ntacyo twejeje, habe n’ibigori cyangwa ibishyimbo. Ubu ndimo guhinga, ariko sinzi niba imvura izagwa cyangwa itazagwa. Mu mezi macye ashize, twejeje duke kubera imvura idahagije. Mu kuri, inshuro ya nyuma twejeje neza ni mu mwaka wa 2017. Ubundi nahingaga imyumbati neza, nkabona toni imwe (1000 kg), ariko ubu n’ibiro 300 ntibiboneka.”
Mwadjuma akomeza avuga ko imihindagurikire y’ibihe yateje inzara, n’ubwo abahinzi benshi bagikomeje gushora amafaranga menshi mu buhinzi.
Ati “Bamwe mu bahinzi bacitse intege, bavuga ko batazongera guhinga kubera igihombo baterwa n’imihindagurikire y’ibihe. Reba hariya, ukuntu umuyaga mwinshi wagiye mu rutoki byose bikagwa.’’
Umuhoza Devotha, umukobwa w’imyaka 18 wahisemo ubuhinzi nk’akazi kamutunze mu Murenge wa Musenyi, Akagari ka Gicaca, Umudugudu wa Remera, avuga ko ubuhinzi butameze neza.
Ati “Hava izuba ryinshi cyane, bituma imyaka yacu yera nabi. Igihingwa cyonyine cyashoboye kwihanganira izuba ihana ni imyumbati, ariko nayo yatanze umusaruro muke, ku buryo igitebo cy’imyumbati ubu kigura amafaranga y’u Rwanda 3,000. Imihindagurikire y’ibihe hano ituma dushora amafaranga menshi ariko ntitugire icyo ducyura. Ubushize twejeje neza, ariko uyu mwaka twejeje 50% gusa by’ibyo twejeje umwaka ushize.”
Nahimana Marie Alice, wo mu Murenge wa Ruhashya, Akagari ka Muhororo, Umudugudu wa Nyakabingo mu Karere ka Huye, avuga ko ubuhinzi bwangijwe bikomeye n’imihindagurikire y’ibihe.
Ati “Nta mvura, ibishyimbo byumye. Guhinga ku misozi ntibigishoboka. Kubera imihindagurikire y’ibihe, nta musaruro tugifite. Mbere najyaga neza umufuka wa 100kg w’ibishyimbo, ariko ubu sinabona n’ibiro 5. Iki ni ikibazo gikomeye, kandi ingaruka duhura na zo ni inzara.”
Ntezirembo Jean Claude, umuhinzi w’imyaka 45 wo mu Karere ka Bugesera, Umurenge wa Mayange, twasanze arimo gutera ibishyimbo, avuga ko abahinzi benshi baretse ubuhinzi kubera igihombo baterwa n’imihindagurikire y’ibihe.
Ati “Mu gihembwe gishize ntacyo twejeje. Ubu turibaza uko tuzabaho kubera kubura umusaruro w’ibigori n’ibishyimbo. Reba ibi bigori byaragwingiye kubera izuba. Abahinzi bateye ubunyobwa ntibigeze beza na busa. Ubu ubuhinzi bwabaye nk’amahirwe; buri gihembwe, umusaruro wacu ushingira ku mvura izagwa. Abantu benshi batangiye gutera amashyamba aho guhinga kubera amapfa. Ikibabaje, iyo imvura ije na yo igwa nabi.”
Icyo inzobere zivuga ku ngaruka z’ihindagurika ry’ikirere ku buhinzi bw’u Rwanda
Niyonsaba Ingabire Pascaline, Umwarimu muri Rwanda Polytechnic, akaba inzobere mu bijyanye n’ihinduka ry’ikirere ndetse n’ibidukikije, avuga ko koko uyu munsi ikibazo cy’ihinduka ry’ibihe ari ikibazo cy’ingutu.
Agira ati “Abaturage bajyaga bamenya ngo tuzahinga igihe iki n’iki ariko ubu ibyo ntabwo bakibasha kubihuza n’uko byakorwaga cyera ikirere kitarahinduka. Igihe imvura yagwiraga cyarahindutse. Hari za Reports nyinshi zerekana ko imvura yagiye ihindagurika mu migwire yayo. Usanga igihe imvura yagwaga cyaragabanutse ariko ubukana igwana bwariyongereye. Ni yo mpamvu hagwa imvura nyinshi ugasanga yangije ibihingwa, yateje imyuzure ugasanga n’ubuhinzi bwahungabanye ibi byose bigira uruhare mu kugabanya umusaruro washoboraga kuboneka.’’
Akomeza agira ati “Uyu munsi kandi usanga uduce tumwe na tumwe twibasirwa n’amapfa bikagira ingaruka cyane ku gihugu cyacu kuko twe dukora ubuhinzi bugendera ku mvura, kuvomera ni gake. Ku buryo imvura yagwa cyane, izuba ryava cyane byose bitugiraho ingaruka.’’
Niyonsaba asobanura ko mu mpamvu nyamukuru zatumye habaho ihinduka ry’ibihe, harimo ibikorwa bya muntu ndetse n’ihinduka kamere.
Agira ati “Hari impamvu karemano n’impamvu z’ibikorwa bya muntu zirimo inganda, imodoka zisohora ibyuka bihumanya, ubuhinzi bukoresha ibinyabutabire bituruka ku mafumbire. Iyi myuka yose iyo izamutse mu kirere ikitsindagirayo bitera ubushyuhe budasanzwe. Ibi rero bishobora gutuma hagwa imvura nyinshi bigateza n’ibindi bibazo. ‘Climate change’ kugira ngo ibeho ntabwo bifata umunsi umwe kuko bitwara imyaka igera kuri 30.’’
Yungamo ko n’ubwo imihindagurikire y’ikirere ikomeje kuba ikibazo cy’ingutu kibangamiye ubuhinzi by’umwihariko, ako hari icyakorwa.
Agira ati “Guhagarika imihindagurikire y’ikirere byo ntabwo byashoboka. Icyashoboka rero ni ukugabanya ingaruka zayo no kubasha kubibamo. Mu Rwanda icyakorwa, ni uko haramutse habonetse ibihingwa bisaba amazi macyeya ari byo byaterwa, hashakishwa kandi ibihingwa bibasha kwihanganira imiterere y’uduce runaka n’ubutaka. Hakenewe kandi gukomeza gutera ibiti bigabanya ibyuka bihumanya ikirere, guca amaterasi y’indinganire no gukora ubushakashatsi. ibi biri mu bintu byafasha mu gukomeza guhangana n’imihindagurikire y’ikirere”.
Dr. Ange Imanishimwe, umuyobozi w’umuryango utari uwa Leta wa BIOCOOR uharanira kubungabunga ibidukikije no guhangana n’ingaruka za ‘Climate change’ mu Rwanda, avuga ko bakora ibishoboka byose mu rwego rwo gufasha abahinzi guhanga n’ihinduka ry’ibihe.
Agira ati “Ikirere turagisangiye nk’abaturage batuye isi yose. Iyo cyangiritse ingaruka zigera ku muntu wese uri kuri uyu mubumbe. Kuri ubu umuryango utari uwa Leta nka Biocoor yashyize imbaraga mu kumenyesha abaturage ko ikirere kirimo gihinduka. Uko ibihe byari bimeze n’uko byakurikiranaga, byose byagiye bihinduka. Uku guhinduka kwabyo byagiye bigira ingaruka ku buhinzi aho abaturage basigaye baba bari mu gihirahiro bibaza ko izuba rizava gihe ki, imvura izagwa gihe ki? Bitewe n’uko imyaka yashize, umuturage yabaga azi igihe imvura izagwira cyangwa se igihe izuba rizavira, ubu tegereza imvura hakaza izuba. Ibi byahise bituma umusaruro w’ubuhinzi ugenda ugabanuka.’’
Akomeza vuga ko icyo bakora ari ukwigisha abahinzi uburyo bwo guhangana n’ikibazo cy’imihindagurikire y’ikirere. Ati “Dufasha abaturage uburyo bwo kuba bavomera igihe badafite imvura. Mu gihe imvura yabaye nyishi tubigisha uko barwanya isuri n’ibiza”.
Dr. Imanishimwe avuga ko ubu imiryango itari iya Leta irimo gufatanya na Leta mu gutangaza amakuru ajyanye n’iteganyagihe, guhangana n’ibibazo baterwa n’ikirere. Avuga ko imihindagurikire y’ikirere yamaze kubaho kandi idateze guhagarara, ahubwo igikenewe ari ukugira imbaraga zo guhangana n’ihinduka ry’ibihe, bikaba ari inshingano za buri wese kandi abahanzi bakaba basabwa gukora ubuhinzi butangiza ibidukikije, kandi bagatera ibiti byinshi mu rwego rwo kugabanya imyuka yangiza ikirere.’’
Ibarurishamibare ryerekana zimwe mu ngaruka z’imihindagurikire y’ikirere ku buhinzi bw’u Rwanda
Hakurikijwe imibare yavuye mu bushakashatsi bwakozwe n’Ikigo cy’Igihugu Gishinzwe Iterambere ry’Ubuhinzi n’Ubworozi (Rwanda Agricultural and Animal Resources Development Board – RAB), ihindagurika ry’ikirere n’ibibazo bijyana na ryo bigira ingaruka zikomeye ku buhinzi mu Rwanda, bigatera kugabanuka k’umusaruro w’imyaka itandukanye buri mwaka, aho ibigori bigabanukaho 13.8%, ibishyimbo 11.3%, umuceri 12.4%, inyanya 33.5%, imyumbati 24.8%, n’ibirayi 25.2%.
Ibi bigira ingaruka ku mibereho y’abaturage, aho raporo y’Ikigo cy’Igihugu cy’Ibarurishamibare (NISR) yagaragaje ko mu kwezi kwa Gicurasi 2024, ibiciro by’ibiribwa byazamutseho 4.5% ugereranyije n’umwaka wari ushize. Hagati ya Gicurasi 2023 na Gicurasi 2024, kuko ho ibiciro byazamutseho 8.4% bitewe n’ingaruka z’ihindagurika ry’ikirere.
Ihindagurika ry’ikirere rikomeje gutera ibibazo bikomeye ku buhinzi bw’u Rwanda, kuko rituma umusaruro w’ibihingwa ugabanuka. Byitezwe ko mu mwaka wa 2050, kuri Raporo ‘Representative Concentration Pathway – RCP), umusaruro w’ibigori, ibishyimbo byo mu misozi n’ibirayi uzagabanuka nibura ku kigero cya 10%. izi mpinduka zikaba zishobora kugera kuri 15% cyangwa zirenga bitewe n’ikirere.
Ibi biteye impungenge kuko ibyo bihingwa ari ingenzi muri gahunda ya Leta yo kongera umusaruro w’ubuhinzi (Crop Intensification Program).
Ubushakashatsi bwakozwe, burimo n’ubwiswe ‘Assessment of Climate Change Impacts on Crop Yields and Farmers’ Adaptation Measures: A Case of Rwanda’, bwerekanye ko amapfa agira ingaruka mbi ku musaruro w’ibishyimbo, ibigori, n’ibirayi. Ibi bigaragaza akamaro ko gushyira mu bikorwa ingamba zo guhangana n’ihindagurika ry’ikirere.
Ingamba za Leta y’u Rwanda mu guhangana n’ihindagurika ry’ikirere
Leta y’u Rwanda yashyizeho gahunda zitandukanye zo guhangana n’ingaruka z’ihindagurika ry’ikirere mu buhinzi n’ubworozi, aho Ikigo cy’Igihugu Gishinzwe Iterambere ry’Ubuhinzi n’Ubworozi (RAB), kirimo gushyira mu bikorwa ingamba zirimo gukwirakwiza gahunda zo kuhira imyaka, gukwirakwiza imbuto zishobora kwihanganira izuba.
Hari kandi guteza imbere uburyo bwo kurinda ubutaka nk’imirwanyasuri, gutera ibiti bivangwa n’imyaka, gushyigikira ubwishingizi bw’ibihingwa binyuze muri gahunda ‘Tekana Muhinzi Mworozi Urishingiwe’, ndetse no gukorana n’ibigo by’ubushakashatsi mu guteza imbere ikoranabuhanga rishingiye ku buhinzi bwihanganira ihindagurika ry’ikirere.
Dr. Florence Uwamahoro, Umuyobozi wungirije ushinzwe Iterambere ry’Ubuhinzi muri RAB, agira ati “Ni byiza kumenya ko ihindagurika ry’ikirere rihari. Gusa twashyizeho ingamba zitandukanye, zirimo n’ubwishingizi bwiswe ‘Tekana Muhinzi Mworozi Urishingiwe’, kandi turashishikariza abahinzi kwitabira iyi gahunda.”
Minisiteri y’Ubuhinzi n’Ubworozi (MINAGRI) yashyizeho gahunda zitandukanye zo guhangana n’ingaruka z’ihindagurika ry’ikirere, zirimo gukangurira abahinzi gukoresha imbuto zihangana n’ihindagurika ry’ikirere, guteza imbere uburyo bwo gucunga ubutaka neza, gutera ibiti no kwagura uburyo bwo kuhira imyaka, ndetse no gutanga amakuru y’iteganyagihe hakoreshejwe ikoranabuhanga kugira ngo abahinzi bitegure neza igihe cy’ihinga.
Ishusho y’ingaruka z’ihinduka ry’ibihe mu buhinzi ku rwego rw’Isi no mu Rwanda
Ishami ry’Umuryango w’Abibumbye ryita ku Biribwa n’Ubuhinzi (FAO), ritangaza ko ihindagurika ry’ikirere rimaze kugira ingaruka mbi ku buhinzi ku isi, nubwo izo ngaruka zitandukanye bitewe n’akarere.
Urugero, hagati ya 1981 na 2008, ubushyuhe bw’isi bwagize ingaruka ku musaruro w’ingano, ugabanuka ku kigero cya 5.5%, cyane cyane mu turere dufite ikirere cy’ubushyuhe bwinshi. Ubushakashatsi bwerekana ko, nihadafatwa ingamba zikarishye mu guhangana n’iki kiza, ihindagurika ry’ikirere rizatuma abantu bari hagati ya miliyoni 8 na miliyoni 80 biyongera ku bari mu kaga ko kubura ibiryo no kugarizwa n’inzara bitarenze mu 2050.
Ku rwego mpuzamahanga, ihindagurika ry’ikirere ryagize ingaruka zikomeye ku buhinzi, aho buri mwaka hangirika ibihingwa bifite agaciro ka miliyari 5 z’Amadolari bitewe n’ibiza, amapfa, imyuzure, n’imiyaga y’inkubi y’umuyaga n’ibindi. Mu Rwanda, nk’uko byagaragajwe na Climate Change Portal, urwego rw’ubuhinzi rukoresha abarenga 70% by’abaturage, ariko ruhura n’imbogamizi zikomeje kwiyongera bitewe no kugwa nabi kw’imvura bigatera igabanuka ry’umusaruro w’ibihingwa ku kigero cya 20% buri mwaka.
Ihindagurika ry’ikirere rikomeje kuzonga ubuhinzi, aho biteganyijwe ko umusaruro uzagabanuka ku kigero kiri hagati ya 3-12% bitarenze mu 2050, no ku kigero cya 11-25% bitarenze mu 2100, impamvu nyamukuru izakomeza gutera ikibazo cy’umutekano mucye w’ibiribwa mu isi.
Mukanyandwi Marie Louise
