Ibihe bidasanzwe n’ingaruka z’imihindagurikire y’ikirere bigira ingaruka mu nzego zitandukanye, cyane cyane urwego rw’iterambere ry’ubukungu n’imibereho myiza muri Afurika. Ikindi kandi byongera inzara, umutekano muke n’impunzi, nk’uko byatangajwe n’Ishami ry’Umuryango w’Abibumbye ryita ku mihindagurikire y’ikirere (OMM) mu itangazo ryasohotse kuri uyu wa mbere.
Urugero, muri Sudani y’Epfo, imyuzure ikomeye yibasiye icyo gihugu mu mezi ashize yatumye aborozi ibihumbi amagana batakaza amatungo yabo y’agaciro: ihene, inka n’andi matungo. Aya matungo ni ingenzi mu mibereho yabo ndetse no mu mico gakondo yabo, cyane cyane mu bukwe no mu mihango ya kera. Ibyo byose bishobora kuzimangana cyangwa gukongoka kubera ingaruka z’imihindagurikire y’ikirere.
Mu cyegeranyo cyiswe “Imiterere y’ikirere muri Afurika mu 2024”, icyo kigo gishamikiye kuri Loni gikorera i Genève cyatangaje ko ubushyuhe bw’inyanja n’ubw’ubutaka muri Afurika mu 2024 bwari hejuru ya dogere 0.86°C ugereranyije n’imyaka kuva 1991–2020.
Afurika y’Amajyaruguru ni yo yagize ubushyuhe buri hejuru cyane, bugera kuri 1.28°C hejuru y’ubusanzwe bwari busanzwe hagati ya 1991–2020. Iki nicyo gice ubushyuhe buzamuka cyane ku mugabane wose wa Afurika.
Ubushyuhe bwo mu Nyanja burenze urugero
Ubushyuhe bwo hejuru bwagaragaye cyane mu Nyanja ya Atlantika no mu Nyanja ya Mediterane. OMM ivuga ko hafi inyanja zose zikikije Afurika zayigabyeho igitero cy’imiyaga ishyushye cyane kand ifite imbaraga zidasanzwe, cyane cyane muri Atlantika yegereye tropiki.
Umuyobozi mukuru wa OMM, Celeste Saulo, yibukije ko imihindagurikire y’ikirere ikomeje kuba ikibazo gikomeye ku mugabane wa Afurika, aho ibihugu bimwe byibasiwe n’imyuzure ikabije iterwa n’imvura nyinshi cyane, mu gihe ibindi bice byibasiwe n’amapfa akomeye, no kubura amazi.
Ingaruka za El Niño
OMM igaragaza ko Afurika ifite intege nke mu guhangana n’imihindagurikire y’ikirere, nyamara iterwa cyane n’ibihugu bikize bitwika ibikomoka kuri peteroli. Imyuzure, amapfa n’imiyaga ishyushye byateje impunzi ibihumbi 700 ku mugabane wayo mu mwaka ushize.
OMM yongeyeho ko El Niño yari iriho kuva mu 2023 kugeza intangiriro za 2024, kandi ko yagize uruhare runini mu kwerekana uko imvura yagabanutse cyangwa yiyongereye hirya no hino.
Muri Nigeria y’Amajyaruguru, abantu 230 bapfuye muri Nzeri 2024 kubera imyuzure yahitanye benshi i Maiduguri, umurwa mukuru w’intara ya Borno, ikimura abantu 600,000, ikangiza ibitaro ndetse ikananduza amazi mu nkambi z’impunzi.
Akarere kose k’Afurika y’Iburengerazuba kugarijwe n’imvura idasanzwe n’imyuzure byagize ingaruka ku bantu miliyoni 4.
Ku rundi ruhande, Malawi, Zambia na Zimbabwe byibasiwe n’amapfa akomeye atarabayeho kuva mu myaka 20 ishize. Umusaruro w’imyaka ya Zambia wagabanutseho 43%, naho uwa Zimbabwe ugabanukaho 50% ugereranyije n’imyaka itanu ishize.
Ingufu z’izuba
Imiyaga ishyushye yakomeje kwiyongera, maze bishyira ubuzima n’iterambere muri Afurika mu kaga. OMM ivuga ko imyaka icumi ishize ari yo yashyushye cyane kurusha iyindi. Umwaka wa 2024 ushobora kuba ari uwa mbere cyangwa uwa kabiri ushushye cyane mu mateka.
Ubushyuhe bukabije bwatangiye no kugira ingaruka ku mashuri. Muri Werurwe 2024, amashuri muri Sudani y’Epfo yarafunzwe kubera ubushyuhe bwageze kuri dogere 45°C.
UNICEF ivuga ko nibura abanyeshuri miliyoni 242 ku isi hose bataye ishuri kubera ibihe bibi by’ikirere, benshi muri bo bakaba ari abo muri Afurika yo munsi y’Ubutayu bwa Sahara.
Uretse uburezi, izamuka ry’ubushyuhe rikomeza gutera ikibazo cy’amazi n’inzara. Akarere k’Afurika y’Amajyaruguru ni ko kibangamiwe cyane.
Sudani y’Epfo yahungabanyijwe bikomeye
OMM ivuga ko ibihe bimeze bityo muri Afurika byangiza ubuhinzi, bikongera inzara kandi bigatuma abaturage bahunga, bamwe bari baranahunze intambara.
Mu Kwakira gushize, imyuzure yibasiye abantu 300,000 muri Sudani y’Epfo igihugu gifite miliyoni 13 z’abaturage, cyibasiwe n’intambara z’igihe kirekire ibyo bigatuma habaho n’ibura ry’ibikorwaremezo.
Ibyo byoretse kandi amatungo miliyoni hagati ya 30 na 34 ni hafi amatungo abiri kuri buri muturage, ndetse amazi yaretse yateje indwara. Imiryango yari isigaye yitunga, yongeye gusaba imfashanyo.
Iki gihugu kiri mu rwego rwa mbere rw’ingaruka z’imihindagurikire y’ikirere, gisa n’icyacitse intege mu bukungu, cyahuye n’impunzi ziturutse muri Sudani, ndetse kikaba kirimo imvururu za politiki n’ubugizi bwa nabi.
Intambara yo muri Sudani yangije ubukungu bwa Sudani y’Epfo, bushingiye kuri peteroli ku kigero cya 90% by’amafaranga yinjiza.
Ibihe bisimburana by’akaga
Iyo Sudani y’Epfo itibasiwe n’imyuzure, igarurwa n’amapfa. “Izi mpinduka ziri hagati y’imyuzure n’amapfa zituma igihugu cyibasirwa hafi umwaka wose”, nk’uko Meshack Malo uharariye ishami ry’umuryango w’abibumbye ryita ku biribwa muri Sudani y’epfo yabisobanuye.
Imyuzure ikomeje kwiyongera, haba mu bukana no mu bwinshi. “Ibi bivuze ko n’imvura nkeya ishobora guteza imyuzure, kuko ubutaka buba bumaze gusoma cyane
Kubera ko imihanda yangiritse, kamyo zitwara imfashanyo ntizigikora, bigatuma PAM (WFP) yifashisha indege ibintu bihenze kandi bitoroshye, kandi amafaranga y’ubutabazi agenda agabanuka.
Ikiganiro ku ikoreshwa ry’amazi yo mu nyanja
Mu bihugu bifite ikibazo cy’amazi yo kuhira imyaka, kurushaho kwihanganira ikirere ni ingenzi. Ernest Afiesimama wo muri OMM muri Afurika yavuze ko nubwo gukura umunyu mu mazi y’inyanja (dessalement) bishobora kuba igisubizo kuri bamwe, atari ibisubizo birambye kuri byinshi mu bihugu by’Afurika.
Abahanga basaba gushora imari mu buryo bwo kwitegura nko gushyiraho uburyo bwo gutanga amakuru mbere y’ibiza (systèmes d’alerte précoce). Dawit Solomon yabivuze atya ati “Mu bihugu byo munsi y’Ubutayu bwa Sahara, iyo gahunda ya dessalement ni ikibazo cy’ubukungu, ibidukikije n’imibereho. Biragoye ko yaba igisubizo kirambye n’ikiringaniza”, asoza kandi agira ati “Afurika irimo guhangana n’igiciro cyo hejuru cyatewe n’imihindagurikire y’ikirere. Tekereza umugabane uri mu bibazo by’ubukungu usabwa guhangana n’icyongera ingorane”.
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Titi Leopold
