Amateka ya Politiki yo muri Afurika

Afurika yabayeho mu bihe bitandukanye, by’umwihariko kuva ubukoloni bwagiye buhindura imiterere ya politiki muri byinshi mu bihugu. Imyaka myinshi y’ubukoloni yatumye ibihugu bya Afurika bikomeza kuba mu bibazo by’imiyoborere, aho abakoloni b’aba Burayi bakoraga uko bashaka, bakazana ibyemezo byagiye bigora uburenganzira bw’abaturage ba Afurika.

Ariko nyuma y’imyaka igera kuri 50, nyuma yo kwigarurirwa n’ubukoloni, ihugu byinshi bya Afurika byaratsinze bagahindura imiyoborere mu buryo bwa demokarasi. Ibi byatumye hashyirwaho amatora n’imirimo y’abanyapolitiki bagiye baharanira ubwisanzure bwa buri gihugu.

Imiyoborere muri Afurika: Impinduka no Kwigaragaza

Mu myaka mike ishize, Afurika yabonye ibihugu byinshi byashoboye kubaka imiyoborere ya demokarasi. Urugero rwa Ghana, Botswana, Senegal, na Mauritius ni bimwe mu bihugu byahinduye politiki maze bishobora kwemeza imiyoborere ya demokarasi itariho ububasha bwa perezida utinyira kubusimbuza.

Mu bindi bihugu, aho intambara n’ubwumvikane buke hagati y’abanyepolitiki byaje guteza umwiryane, birimo Somalia, Suda (na Sudan South), Nigeria, ndetse na Congo. Muri ibi bihugu, impinduka mu miyoborere zagiye zishyirwa mu bikorwa bikozwe n’abategetsi bashaka guteza imbere amahoro no guharanira uburenganzira bwa muntu.

Ibyiciro byihariye by’imiyoborere muri Afurika

Afurika ni umugabane urimo imiyoborere itandukanye, itandukanije mu buryo bw’amategeko, imyemerere, ndetse no mu migabo n’imigambi ya politiki. Ibi bihugu bigira politiki zitandukanye zishingiye ku ubutasi, amahoro, umutekano, ndetse no kwitwara mu nzego z’ubukungu.

Demokarasi n’Amahoro

Bimwe mu bihugu bya Afurika byabonye ubwisanzure bwa politiki mu myaka yashize. Urugero rwa South Africa rwerekana uburyo ubwigenge bwabaye impinduka ikomeye mu guhindura politiki ya Afurika, kuko nyuma yo kubohorwa ku butegetsi bwa Apartheid, igihugu cyagize demokarasi ikomeye, ndetse giharanira uburenganzira bwa muntu n’ubwisanzure.

Ghana nayo ni igihugu kizamura imiyoborere ya demokarasi, aho ibirindiro bya politiki byashoboye kumvikanisha umwanya wa president nk’umukuru w’igihugu ariko ku buryo bunyuze mu nzira za demokarasi, aho buri munyarwanda atanga amajwi mu matora.

Amahoro arwanya intambara

Ibihugu byinshi bya Afurika bigeze guhangana n’intambara no gushaka amahoro nyuma y’imitwe ya gisirikare yari yigaruriye ubutegetsi. Ibyo bihugu byagiye bigira amahoro, ariko hari n’ibyo byagaragayemo amahirwe y’iterambere kuko byiyemeje gushyiraho inzego z’amahoro n’ibikorwa byo gukemura amakimbirane.

Urugero rwa Liberia rwagaragaje impinduka zatewe n’amahoro nyuma y’intambara, aho perezida Ellen Johnson Sirleaf yabaye umugore wa mbere perezida wa Afurika watoranyijwe n’abantu bose muri demokarasi.

4. Imbogamizi n’inzitizi muri politiki yo muri Afurika

Nubwo hari ibihugu byateye imbere mu bijyanye na politiki, Afurika ikomeje kugira imbogamizi mu miyoborere. Bimwe muri byo ni:

• Imitwe y’iterabwoba: Intambara zo mu bihugu nka Mali, Central African Republic, Nigeria (bikomeje gufatwa n’abasirikare ba Boko Haram), n’ibindi bihugu byatewe n’abagome bituma bishobora kubura amahoro.
• Ubukungu bwihuse bwirukankana: Afurika ifite ubukungu bushingiye cyane ku misoro, ibicuruzwa bikomoka ku buhinzi, ndetse no ku bworozi. Iyo politiki ya ubukungu idahuye n’imyitwarire, byaba ikibazo mu gushimangira iterambere ry’ubuzima bw’abaturage.
• Ibibazo by’Uburenganzira bwa Muntu: Kugeza ubu, imiryango y’uburenganzira bwa muntu iracyakomeje gushyira imbere umutekano w’abaturage ku rwego rw’amategeko. Ibihugu nka Egypt, Ethiopia, na Zimbabwe bimwe na bimwe bikomeje kugira ibibazo byo gufata abantu ku ngufu no kubarenga ku burenganzira bwabo.

Ugereranije n’imyaka yashize, Afurika igenda ibona intambwe mu guteza imbere politiki ya demokarasi. Muri rusange, imiyoborere itandukanye ikomeje kuza n’ibisubizo byiza mu bihugu bimwe, kandi imiryango y’uburenganzira bw’abaturage igenda ishyiraho amasezerano mashya yo kugira uburenganzira bwiza bwose.

Urugero rwa African Union (AU) n’ibindi bikorwa by’ubutwererane byerekana uburyo Afurika igenda ikora mu gutera imbere, mu gihe u Rwanda n’ibindi bihugu bitandukanye bikomeje kumenyekanisha gahunda nyinshi zo gukemura ibibazo by’ubuzima, politiki, n’ubukungu.

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